Dissection Part 5 - Hips, Legs, Feet


Bones:
Coxal bone (2) Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
Sacrum (1) - end of the vertebral column (lumbar vertebrae above sacrum)
Coccyx (1) - tailbone (part of vertebral column) 













Femur (2) - long one in the thigh, the femoral goes in where the ischium meets the ilium  
Patella (2) - knee cap, connected by tendons and ligaments 
Tibia (2) - larger bone on the big toe side 
Fibula (2) - smaller bone on the pinky toe side 
Calcaneus (2) 
Talus (2)
Navicular (2)
Medial Cuneiform (2)
Intermediate Cuneiform (2)
Lateral Cuneiform (2)
Cuboid (2)
Metatarsals (10)
Proximal Phalanges (10)
Intermediate Phalanges (8)

Distal Phalanges (10)

 Pictures of Muscles: 

















Functions of Muscles: 
Sartorius - flexes (forward) leg and thigh, ducts thigh, rotates thigh laterally (outward) (illium to medial tibia), crosses across the thigh  





















Flex the leg - forward 
Extends the leg - back 
Medially - inward 
Laterally - outward 


Flexing knee and thigh - back 
Extending knee and thing - forward



Gluteus Medius - abducts and rotates thigh medially (inward) (illium to femur) (underneath gluteus maxims)

Gluteus Maximus - extends (back) leg at hip (sacrum, coccyx, illium to femur and fascia)  















Vastus Lateralis - extends leg at knee, quadricep femurs group (femur to patella) 




















Tensor Fascia Latae - muscle of iliotibal (it band) tract, extend leg at hip (illium to tract to tibia), controls it band

Fascia Latae - fascia that surrounds (on the side) the muscles of the thigh, makes up the it band (forms iliotibal tract)  



















Biceps Femoris - flexes and rotates leg laterally and extends thigh, hamstring group (ischium to tibia), most lateral 














Adductor (longus and femurs) - adducts thigh (longus from pubis, Magnus from ischium to femur)



















Gracilis - adducts thigh and flexes leg at knee (pubis to tibia)




















Rectus femoris - extends leg at knee, quadriceps group (illium to patella) (deepest quadriceps, 3 muscles cover it, vastus muscles) 



















Vastus Medialis - extends leg at knee, quadriceps group (femur to patella)

Vastus intermedius is other quadriceps muscle on humans… we did not dissect on this cat  

Semimembranosus - extends thigh, flexes and roatates leg medially (ischium to tibia), most medial  














Semitendinosus - extends thigh, flexes and rotates leg medially (ischium to tibia), down middle  















Dorsiflextion - bring toes toward your face, upward
Plantar flexion - down 

Gastrocnemius - plantar flexion of foot (posterior of femur to calcaneus (heel bone) - via achilles tendon), covers soleus, posterior  


















Soleus - planter flection of foot (fibula and tibia to calcaneus via achilles tendon), anterior to gastrocnemius  














Peroneus - dorsiflexion of foot (fibula (two origins) to 5th metatarsal), brings the foot up 
















Extensor digitorum longus - dorsiflexion of foot and extension of toes (tibia and fibula to 3rd and 4th phalanges) 















Flexor digitorum - plantar flexion, flex toes (tibia to distal 2nd-5th phalanges) 















Tibialis Anterior - dorsiflexion or foot (tibia to cuneiform and 1st metatarsal) 



















Achilles Tendon - calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) to calcaneus 
















Hip joint
  • Ball and socket (femoral head to acetabulum) asa-tab-yuh-lum 
  • Ligament connects the two - purpose?
  • Acetabular labrum
  • Three main ligaments (ligament’s job: nerve and blood supply) 
    • Illiofemoral 
    • Pubofemoral 
    • Ischiofemoral   


















Knee join 
  • Femur (condyles)
  • Patella (knee cap)
  • Tibia (condyles - bumps on the end)

The meeting of the femur condyles and tibia condyles from the knee 


Ligaments maintains the joint capsule 
  • These are on the exterior of the knee bones 
    • Patellar ligament 
    • Oblique popliteal ligament 
    • Arcuate popliteal ligament 
    • Tibial (medial) collateral ligament (MCL) - these are very medial and lateral sides of knee
    • Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament (LCL) 
  • Cruciate Ligaments (interior) 
    • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) - these are on the inside of the knee, in joint capsule 
    • Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Meniscus (lateral and medial)
  • C-shaped fibrous cartilage tissue 
  • Rests on tibial head, allows for differences in femoral condyles  


















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